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A buyer of a company's stock becomes a fractional owner of that company. Owners of a company's stock are known as its shareholders. They can participate in its growth and success through appreciation in the stock price and regular dividends paid out of the company's profits.
Bonds are debt obligations of entities, such as governments, municipalities, and corporations. Buying a bond implies that you hold a share of an entity's debt and are entitled to receive periodic interest payments and the return of the bond's face value when it matures.
Funds are pooled instruments managed by investment managers that enable investors to invest in stocks, bonds, preferred shares, commodities, etc. Two of the most common types of funds are mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
Trusts are another type of pooled investment. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are one of the most popular in this category. REITs invest in commercial or residential properties and pay regular distributions to their investors from the rental income received from these properties. REITs trade on stock exchanges and thus offer their investors the advantage of instant liquidity.
"Alternative investments" is a catch-all category that includes hedge funds and private equity. Hedge funds are so-called because they can limit (hedge) their investment risks by going long and short on stocks and other investments.
Derivatives are financial instruments that derive value from another instrument, such as a stock or index. Options contracts are a popular derivative that gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy or sell a security at a fixed price within a specific period. Derivatives usually employ leverage, making them a high-risk, high-reward proposition.
Do-It-Yourself Investing
The question of “how to invest” boils down to whether you are a do-it-yourself (DIY) kind of investor or would prefer to have your money managed by a professional. Many investors who prefer to manage their money themselves have accounts at discount or online brokerages because of their low commissions and the ease of executing trades on their platforms.
DIY investing is sometimes called self-directed investing, and requires a fair amount of education, skill, time commitment, and the ability to control one’s emotions. If these attributes do not describe you well, it may be smarter to let a professional help manage your investments.
Investors who prefer professional money management generally have wealth managers looking after their investments. Wealth managers usually charge their clients a percentage of assets under management (AUM) as their fees.
Some investors opt to invest based on suggestions from automated financial advisors. Powered by algorithms and artificial intelligence, robo-advisors gather critical information about the investor and their risk profile to make suitable recommendations.
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Investment return and risk commonly have a positive correlation. If an investment carries high risk, it should be accompanied by higher returns. When making investment decisions, investors must gauge their risk appetite. Some may be willing to risk the loss of principle in exchange for the chance at greater profits. Alternatively, extremely risk-averse investors seek only the safest vehicles. Individuals closer to retirement commonly choose safe investments.
Because investing is oriented toward future growth or income, there is always a certain level of risk. An investment may lose value over time. A company may go bankrupt or interest rate fluctuations may affect bonds or real estate investments. Investors can reduce portfolio risk with a broad range of investments. By holding different products or securities, an investor may not lose as much money as they are not fully exposed in any one way.
The primary way to gauge the success of an investment is to calculate the return on investment (ROI). ROI is measured as:
ROI = (Current Value of Investment – Original Value of Investment) / Original Value of Investment
ROI allows different investments across different industries to be compared. For example, consider two investments: a $1,000 investment in stock that increased to $1,100 over the past year, or a $150,000 investment in real estate now worth $160,000.